Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
Resolving power - minimum distance between 2 points that can be observed as 2 points; how much
____________ can be seen.
Light microscope - uses _____________ to focus on a specimen.
Simple microscope - has _____________ magnifying lens.
Compound microscope - generally has ____________ magnifying lenses, objective lens and ocular
lens.
Total magnification - power of ocular lens ______________ by the power of the objective lens.
Electron microscope - uses ______________ to focus on a specimen; up to
_____________________X.
Transmission electron microscope - used to see _______________ and the insides of cells.
Scanning electron microscope - makes the 3D pictures of ______________ of cell.
Eukaryotic cells - ______________, more complex; have a nucleus and other organelles, don't
have a cell wall. Example:
Organelles - membrane enclosed _______________ that perform specific functions
Cytoskeleton - network of protein fibers that give ______________ to the cell.
Cytosol - the ______________ inside the cell and the solutes dissolved in the liquid.
Cytoplasm - is just about anything in the cell that is not the ________________.
Nucleus - directs the ________________ in the cell; the control center of the cell.
Nuclear envelope - __________________ the nucleus.
DNA - hereditary information on how to make every protein the body will ever need;
______________ helix.
Chromatin - a diffuse mass of _____________
Chromosome - a condensed mass of DNA; humans have ___________ pairs of chromosomes.
Nucleolus - site of _____________ manufacture inside the nucleus.
RNA - copy of the instructions for one single _______________ that is needed now.
Ribosomes - the site of ___________________ manufacture.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - a passageway for ____________ molecules.
Rough ER - has ribosomes; handles _______________ molecules.
Smooth ER - __________ ribosomes; handles non-protein stuff like fatty acids, phospholipids, and
steroids.
Golgi body - packaging site for proteins and _____________.
Lysosomes - site of _______________ enzymes.
Phagocytosis - cell eating; lysosomes digesting ____________ materials.
Autolysis - a cell intentionally releases lysosomes in order to destroy the ______________.
Autophagy - a cell intentionally releases lysosomes in order to destroy its old ______________.
Tay-Sachs disease - person is missing one enzyme in the lysosome, ganglioside builds up in nerve
cells, especially in the _______________.
Food vacuole - holds ______________
Contractile vacuole - used to pump _______________ out of many protists
Central vacuole - holds water for _____________.
Other vacuoles may hold _______________, toxins, proteins, or metabolic by products.
Mitochondria - where cellular _______________ (ATP) is produced.
Chloroplasts - site of photosynthesis; only in plants and _____________ algae.
Peroxisomes - similar to lysosomes except they contain peroxidases, which _______________
down peroxides.
Microfilaments - ______________ protein filaments; used in muscle contractions and cell division.
Microtubules - _____________ filaments with a hole in them; used in chromosome movements
during cell division, cilia, and flagella
Cilia - many, _____________ microtubules; paramecium.
Flagella - ______________, long microtubule; sperm and some bacteria.
Basal body - anchors cilia and flagella to _____________
Centrioles - function in cell __________________.
Prokaryotes - ______________; no nucleus or organelles; can live on their own.
Plasma membrane - selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer.
Nucleoid - DNA; chromosome; instructions to make every protein the ______________ will ever
need.
Stuff bacteria might have: Note - not all bacteria will have all of these
1. Cell wall - sturdy cell wall which protects bacteria from harm; also gives bacteria its
_____________.
2. Capsule - sticky layer that avoids your ________________ system or help bacteria stick to you.
Example:
3. Pili - ______________ like projections to attach bacteria to specific cells.
4. Flagella - one or more long projections for _______________.
5. Plasmid - extra circle of DNA that often has genes for resistance to drugs or
________________.
Last updated: 8-25-06.
Resolving power - minimum distance between 2 points that can be observed as 2 points; how much
____________ can be seen.
Light microscope - uses _____________ to focus on a specimen.
Simple microscope - has _____________ magnifying lens.
Compound microscope - generally has ____________ magnifying lenses, objective lens and ocular
lens.
Total magnification - power of ocular lens ______________ by the power of the objective lens.
Electron microscope - uses ______________ to focus on a specimen; up to
_____________________X.
Transmission electron microscope - used to see _______________ and the insides of cells.
Scanning electron microscope - makes the 3D pictures of ______________ of cell.
Eukaryotic cells - ______________, more complex; have a nucleus and other organelles, don't
have a cell wall. Example:
Organelles - membrane enclosed _______________ that perform specific functions
Cytoskeleton - network of protein fibers that give ______________ to the cell.
Cytosol - the ______________ inside the cell and the solutes dissolved in the liquid.
Cytoplasm - is just about anything in the cell that is not the ________________.
Nucleus - directs the ________________ in the cell; the control center of the cell.
Nuclear envelope - __________________ the nucleus.
DNA - hereditary information on how to make every protein the body will ever need;
______________ helix.
Chromatin - a diffuse mass of _____________
Chromosome - a condensed mass of DNA; humans have ___________ pairs of chromosomes.
Nucleolus - site of _____________ manufacture inside the nucleus.
RNA - copy of the instructions for one single _______________ that is needed now.
Ribosomes - the site of ___________________ manufacture.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - a passageway for ____________ molecules.
Rough ER - has ribosomes; handles _______________ molecules.
Smooth ER - __________ ribosomes; handles non-protein stuff like fatty acids, phospholipids, and
steroids.
Golgi body - packaging site for proteins and _____________.
Lysosomes - site of _______________ enzymes.
Phagocytosis - cell eating; lysosomes digesting ____________ materials.
Autolysis - a cell intentionally releases lysosomes in order to destroy the ______________.
Autophagy - a cell intentionally releases lysosomes in order to destroy its old ______________.
Tay-Sachs disease - person is missing one enzyme in the lysosome, ganglioside builds up in nerve
cells, especially in the _______________.
Food vacuole - holds ______________
Contractile vacuole - used to pump _______________ out of many protists
Central vacuole - holds water for _____________.
Other vacuoles may hold _______________, toxins, proteins, or metabolic by products.
Mitochondria - where cellular _______________ (ATP) is produced.
Chloroplasts - site of photosynthesis; only in plants and _____________ algae.
Peroxisomes - similar to lysosomes except they contain peroxidases, which _______________
down peroxides.
Microfilaments - ______________ protein filaments; used in muscle contractions and cell division.
Microtubules - _____________ filaments with a hole in them; used in chromosome movements
during cell division, cilia, and flagella
Cilia - many, _____________ microtubules; paramecium.
Flagella - ______________, long microtubule; sperm and some bacteria.
Basal body - anchors cilia and flagella to _____________
Centrioles - function in cell __________________.
Prokaryotes - ______________; no nucleus or organelles; can live on their own.
Plasma membrane - selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer.
Nucleoid - DNA; chromosome; instructions to make every protein the ______________ will ever
need.
Stuff bacteria might have: Note - not all bacteria will have all of these
1. Cell wall - sturdy cell wall which protects bacteria from harm; also gives bacteria its
_____________.
2. Capsule - sticky layer that avoids your ________________ system or help bacteria stick to you.
Example:
3. Pili - ______________ like projections to attach bacteria to specific cells.
4. Flagella - one or more long projections for _______________.
5. Plasmid - extra circle of DNA that often has genes for resistance to drugs or
________________.
Last updated: 8-25-06.
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