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Chapter 30 How Animals Move
Skeletal muscle - voluntary, striated; muscles that move ______________.
_______________ tell muscles to contract.
_____________ muscle - involuntary, nonstriated; digestive system, blood vessels.
Cardiac muscle - involuntary, striated; _______________; no nerve from brain to tell the heart to start
beating.
Actin - _____________ muscle fiber
Myosin - _______________ muscle fiber with myosin head; myosin head binds actin and pulls the actin
closer.
Energy (ATP) is needed for the myosin to ______________ the actin.
Rigor mortis - after death there is no ATP, so myosin doesn't release, so muscles stay
______________.
Muscles only contract.
Flex - ______________ angle between bones.
Extend - ______________ angle between bones.
Hyperextension - increases the ____________ too far.
Tendons - connect ______________ to bone
Ligaments - connect bone to ______________.
Strain - stretched or partially torn _______________
Sprain - twisting of joint that stretches or slightly tears __________________, but does not dislocate
bones
Dislocation - _______________ forced out of place.
Torn ligament - connection between 2 bones split; bones ___________ out of place.
Pectoral muscle - upper chest; move _______________ arms forward
Biceps - front side of upper arm; _____________ elbow
Triceps - ____________ side of upper arm; extend elbow
Deltoid - on shoulder; move arm ____________ from body
Latissimus dorsi - lower ______________; move arm behind body.
Diaphragm - inside chest; contract diaphragm to inhale, ____________ diaphragm to exhale.
Abdominal muscles - abdominal region; flex ________________.
Gluteus maximus - butt; _____________ hip
Quadriceps - front side of upper leg; extend ____________.
Hamstrings - ______________ side of upper leg; flex knee.
Gastrocnemius - back side of lower leg; ____________ muscle; extend ankle.
Skeletons function in support, movement and protection.
Endoskeleton - skeleton ____________ body. Example:
Exoskeleton - skeleton outside body. Example:
2 types of bone tissue - spongy and compact.
Compact bone - ______________ spaces; external layer of bone.
Spongy bone - _____________ spaces; contains red bone marrow.
Red bone marrow - site of _____________ cell production.
Skull - cranium or head; composed of many different bones; protects the ______________
Mandible - _____________ jaw
Maxilla - ____________ jaw.
Cleft palate - the right and left maxilla bones don't join properly.
Vertebrae - spine; _____________ different bones; protects the spinal cord.
Ribs - ____________ pairs; protects the heart and lungs.
Sternum - _________________; connects the ribs in front; where you push for CPR.
Clavicle - _____________ bone
Scapula - shoulder blade
Humerus - upper ____________
Radius - ____________ arm, thumb side
Ulna - lower ___________, pinkie finger side.
Carpal bones - ______________; 8 bones.
Metacarpal bones - _____________ of hand; 5 bones.
Phalanges - fingers; ____________ bones.
Pelvic - ___________; made of 3 bones fused together.
Femur - upper leg; ______________ bone in body.
Patella - ________________ cap
Tibia - large bone in lower leg; _____________
Fibula - _____________ bone in lower leg.
Tarsal bones - ______________; 7 bones.
Metatarsal bones - sole of foot; ________________ bones.
Phalanges - _______________; 14 bones.
Heel spurs - ____________________ bone grows extra piece which digs into the surrounding muscle.
Plantar tendonitis - arch is too _____________ or too low.
Fracture - ________________ in a bone.
Simple fracture - bone broken in one place and ___________ sticking out of the skin.
Compound fracture - bone broken in more than _____________ place.
_____________ fracture - bone sticking out of the skin.
Comminuted fracture - bone breaks into several ____________ pieces
Greenstick fracture - partial fracture; one side is fractured, but the other side isn't; more common in
______________.
Impacted fracture - pieces of bone are forced into the ______________ of the bone.
_____________ fracture - microscopic cracks in the bone without visible breaking.
Fracture hematoma - blood clot in bone; 6-8 _____________ after fracture.
Procallus - mass of cartilage repair tissue; 3 _____________.
Bony callus - mass of ____________ bone; 3-4 months.
Remodeling - spongy bone replaced with ______________ bone.
Normal bone is also constantly being broken down and built back up.
Closed reduction - setting a fracture ______________ surgery.
____________ reduction - using surgery to set a fracture.
Osteoporosis - loss of bone mass, often from too little calcium; brittle bones break ______________.
Suture - joint between 2 _____________ bones; does not move.
Gliding joint - 2 ____________ surfaces. Example:
Hinge joint - convex bones fits into concave bone; ulna and humerus.
Pivot joint - pointed bone in ____________ bone; only rotation; radius at ulna
Saddle joint - 2 concave surfaces at right angles; metacarpal #1 and ________________.
Adduct - move _____________ the body.
Abduct - move ____________ from the body.
Ball and socket joint - ball into socket. Example:
Circumduction - when you move your limb in a big _______________.
Broken hip - where the ball of the ______________ is broken, not the hip bone.
Rotator cuff muscles - hold the ball of the humerus in the socket of the scapula.
Separated shoulder - torn shoulder ______________; usually the ligament that holds the clavicle in
place.
Skeletal muscle - voluntary, striated; muscles that move ______________.
_______________ tell muscles to contract.
_____________ muscle - involuntary, nonstriated; digestive system, blood vessels.
Cardiac muscle - involuntary, striated; _______________; no nerve from brain to tell the heart to start
beating.
Actin - _____________ muscle fiber
Myosin - _______________ muscle fiber with myosin head; myosin head binds actin and pulls the actin
closer.
Energy (ATP) is needed for the myosin to ______________ the actin.
Rigor mortis - after death there is no ATP, so myosin doesn't release, so muscles stay
______________.
Muscles only contract.
Flex - ______________ angle between bones.
Extend - ______________ angle between bones.
Hyperextension - increases the ____________ too far.
Tendons - connect ______________ to bone
Ligaments - connect bone to ______________.
Strain - stretched or partially torn _______________
Sprain - twisting of joint that stretches or slightly tears __________________, but does not dislocate
bones
Dislocation - _______________ forced out of place.
Torn ligament - connection between 2 bones split; bones ___________ out of place.
Pectoral muscle - upper chest; move _______________ arms forward
Biceps - front side of upper arm; _____________ elbow
Triceps - ____________ side of upper arm; extend elbow
Deltoid - on shoulder; move arm ____________ from body
Latissimus dorsi - lower ______________; move arm behind body.
Diaphragm - inside chest; contract diaphragm to inhale, ____________ diaphragm to exhale.
Abdominal muscles - abdominal region; flex ________________.
Gluteus maximus - butt; _____________ hip
Quadriceps - front side of upper leg; extend ____________.
Hamstrings - ______________ side of upper leg; flex knee.
Gastrocnemius - back side of lower leg; ____________ muscle; extend ankle.
Skeletons function in support, movement and protection.
Endoskeleton - skeleton ____________ body. Example:
Exoskeleton - skeleton outside body. Example:
2 types of bone tissue - spongy and compact.
Compact bone - ______________ spaces; external layer of bone.
Spongy bone - _____________ spaces; contains red bone marrow.
Red bone marrow - site of _____________ cell production.
Skull - cranium or head; composed of many different bones; protects the ______________
Mandible - _____________ jaw
Maxilla - ____________ jaw.
Cleft palate - the right and left maxilla bones don't join properly.
Vertebrae - spine; _____________ different bones; protects the spinal cord.
Ribs - ____________ pairs; protects the heart and lungs.
Sternum - _________________; connects the ribs in front; where you push for CPR.
Clavicle - _____________ bone
Scapula - shoulder blade
Humerus - upper ____________
Radius - ____________ arm, thumb side
Ulna - lower ___________, pinkie finger side.
Carpal bones - ______________; 8 bones.
Metacarpal bones - _____________ of hand; 5 bones.
Phalanges - fingers; ____________ bones.
Pelvic - ___________; made of 3 bones fused together.
Femur - upper leg; ______________ bone in body.
Patella - ________________ cap
Tibia - large bone in lower leg; _____________
Fibula - _____________ bone in lower leg.
Tarsal bones - ______________; 7 bones.
Metatarsal bones - sole of foot; ________________ bones.
Phalanges - _______________; 14 bones.
Heel spurs - ____________________ bone grows extra piece which digs into the surrounding muscle.
Plantar tendonitis - arch is too _____________ or too low.
Fracture - ________________ in a bone.
Simple fracture - bone broken in one place and ___________ sticking out of the skin.
Compound fracture - bone broken in more than _____________ place.
_____________ fracture - bone sticking out of the skin.
Comminuted fracture - bone breaks into several ____________ pieces
Greenstick fracture - partial fracture; one side is fractured, but the other side isn't; more common in
______________.
Impacted fracture - pieces of bone are forced into the ______________ of the bone.
_____________ fracture - microscopic cracks in the bone without visible breaking.
Fracture hematoma - blood clot in bone; 6-8 _____________ after fracture.
Procallus - mass of cartilage repair tissue; 3 _____________.
Bony callus - mass of ____________ bone; 3-4 months.
Remodeling - spongy bone replaced with ______________ bone.
Normal bone is also constantly being broken down and built back up.
Closed reduction - setting a fracture ______________ surgery.
____________ reduction - using surgery to set a fracture.
Osteoporosis - loss of bone mass, often from too little calcium; brittle bones break ______________.
Suture - joint between 2 _____________ bones; does not move.
Gliding joint - 2 ____________ surfaces. Example:
Hinge joint - convex bones fits into concave bone; ulna and humerus.
Pivot joint - pointed bone in ____________ bone; only rotation; radius at ulna
Saddle joint - 2 concave surfaces at right angles; metacarpal #1 and ________________.
Adduct - move _____________ the body.
Abduct - move ____________ from the body.
Ball and socket joint - ball into socket. Example:
Circumduction - when you move your limb in a big _______________.
Broken hip - where the ball of the ______________ is broken, not the hip bone.
Rotator cuff muscles - hold the ball of the humerus in the socket of the scapula.
Separated shoulder - torn shoulder ______________; usually the ligament that holds the clavicle in
place.