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Chapter 25 – Control of the Internal Environment
Homeostasis - the art of staying the _____________; maintaining stable conditions on the inside no
matter what your body is doing.
Kidney - organ that filters blood to get rid of waste products and makes _____________.
Functions of the urinary system:
1. Regulation of ions.
2. Regulation of ____________ volume in bloodstream.
3. Maintains proper __________.
4. Elimination of cellular ______________ products.
5. Retains nutrients.
6. Secretion of _______________.
Urea - made from breaking down ______________; secreted in urine.
Dilute urine - urea dissolved in ____________ of water.
Concentrated urine - urea dissolved in very little ____________.
Protonephridia - a __________ cell through which wastes leave; flatworms.
Nephridia - small tube that releases waste products to the outside; ___________________.
Renal artery - carries blood from the ______________ to the kidney to be filtered.
Renal vein - carries blood from the ________________ back to the heart.
Ureter - carries ______________ from the kidney to the bladder.
Bladder - ______________ urine
Urethra - carries urine from the bladder ______________.
In women, the urethra is short but it has a _______________ diameter; more prone to bladder
infections.
In men, the urethra is long, but it is very narrow; ______________ prone to kidney stones getting
stuck.
Structure of the Kidney
Cortex - outermost portion of ________________
Medulla - innermost portion of kidney; contains ______________ microscopic structures.
Pyramids - ________________ shaped sections of kidney; concentrates urine; contains many
nephron parts.
Nephron - individual filters for blood; more than _______ million in each kidney.
Column - tissue _________________ pyramids of kidney; contains blood vessels
Papilla - __________ of the pyramid; urine collects here
Calyx - ___________ leading from papilla to pelvis.
Pelvis - major open area _______________ kidney that leads to the ureter.
Afferent arteriole - _____________ artery that takes blood into the glomerulus.
Glomerulus - capillaries that filter the _____________.
Filtrate - the filtered blood; consists of water, nutrients, and _______________ products.
Bowman's capsule - _______________ the filtrate
Efferent arteriole - small artery that takes blood _____________ of the glomerulus.
Proximal convoluted tubule - ______________ coiled tube in cortex
Loop of Henle - long loop to medulla and back to cortex; makes _____________ more or less
concentrated.
Distal convoluted tubule - ____________ coiled tube in cortex.
Collecting ducts - collect ______________
Peritubular capillaries - blood vessels around nephron that do tubular reabsorption and secretion.
Tubular reabsorption - takes _____________ and nutrients out of proximal convoluted tubule and into
the bloodstream.
Tubular secretion - put extra waste products from the bloodstream into the ___________ convoluted
tubule.
Blood pressure in renal ______________ determines urine volume.
High blood pressure makes ______________ urine.
Caffeine _____________ the size of the renal artery, so you get more urine.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - allows more ___________ to be reabsorbed back to the bloodstream;
makes concentrated urine.
Alcohol - cancels the effects of ADH, so less water reabsorbed; makes _______________ urine
Dialysis - run blood through vat of chemicals; good stuff stays in ________________, bad stuff
diffuses into vat.
Erythropoietin - hormone secreted by the kidneys; makes more ____________ blood cells to carry
more oxygen.
Homeostasis - the art of staying the _____________; maintaining stable conditions on the inside no
matter what your body is doing.
Kidney - organ that filters blood to get rid of waste products and makes _____________.
Functions of the urinary system:
1. Regulation of ions.
2. Regulation of ____________ volume in bloodstream.
3. Maintains proper __________.
4. Elimination of cellular ______________ products.
5. Retains nutrients.
6. Secretion of _______________.
Urea - made from breaking down ______________; secreted in urine.
Dilute urine - urea dissolved in ____________ of water.
Concentrated urine - urea dissolved in very little ____________.
Protonephridia - a __________ cell through which wastes leave; flatworms.
Nephridia - small tube that releases waste products to the outside; ___________________.
Renal artery - carries blood from the ______________ to the kidney to be filtered.
Renal vein - carries blood from the ________________ back to the heart.
Ureter - carries ______________ from the kidney to the bladder.
Bladder - ______________ urine
Urethra - carries urine from the bladder ______________.
In women, the urethra is short but it has a _______________ diameter; more prone to bladder
infections.
In men, the urethra is long, but it is very narrow; ______________ prone to kidney stones getting
stuck.
Structure of the Kidney
Cortex - outermost portion of ________________
Medulla - innermost portion of kidney; contains ______________ microscopic structures.
Pyramids - ________________ shaped sections of kidney; concentrates urine; contains many
nephron parts.
Nephron - individual filters for blood; more than _______ million in each kidney.
Column - tissue _________________ pyramids of kidney; contains blood vessels
Papilla - __________ of the pyramid; urine collects here
Calyx - ___________ leading from papilla to pelvis.
Pelvis - major open area _______________ kidney that leads to the ureter.
Afferent arteriole - _____________ artery that takes blood into the glomerulus.
Glomerulus - capillaries that filter the _____________.
Filtrate - the filtered blood; consists of water, nutrients, and _______________ products.
Bowman's capsule - _______________ the filtrate
Efferent arteriole - small artery that takes blood _____________ of the glomerulus.
Proximal convoluted tubule - ______________ coiled tube in cortex
Loop of Henle - long loop to medulla and back to cortex; makes _____________ more or less
concentrated.
Distal convoluted tubule - ____________ coiled tube in cortex.
Collecting ducts - collect ______________
Peritubular capillaries - blood vessels around nephron that do tubular reabsorption and secretion.
Tubular reabsorption - takes _____________ and nutrients out of proximal convoluted tubule and into
the bloodstream.
Tubular secretion - put extra waste products from the bloodstream into the ___________ convoluted
tubule.
Blood pressure in renal ______________ determines urine volume.
High blood pressure makes ______________ urine.
Caffeine _____________ the size of the renal artery, so you get more urine.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - allows more ___________ to be reabsorbed back to the bloodstream;
makes concentrated urine.
Alcohol - cancels the effects of ADH, so less water reabsorbed; makes _______________ urine
Dialysis - run blood through vat of chemicals; good stuff stays in ________________, bad stuff
diffuses into vat.
Erythropoietin - hormone secreted by the kidneys; makes more ____________ blood cells to carry
more oxygen.