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Chapter 21 Nutrition & Digestion
Essential nutrients - materials that must be eaten because we ______________ make them.
Undernourished - not ______________ calories in diet.
Obesity - body weight more than __________% above the desirable weight due to fat.
Malnourished - missing one or more nutrients; scurvy from not enough vitamin _________.
Vitamins - ___________ molecules that are required in the diet.
Minerals - inorganic molecules that are _______________ in the diet.
Amino acids - building blocks of proteins; 20 different amino acids.
Nonessential amino acids - your body ____________ make, so you don't have to eat.
Essential amino acids - must be gotten from ____________.
Digestion - breaking food into _______________ molecules to enter cells.
Overall, what's going to happen is:
Ingestion - you put food in your _____________.
Digestion - breaking food into _____________ molecules
Absorption - getting food into the body's cells.
Elimination - getting _____________ of undigested material
Types of Feeders
Suspension feeders - extract food from surrounding water; _____________________, whale.
Substrate feeders - live on their food and eat through the food; _________________________.
Fluid feeders - drink only ______________; mosquitoes.
Bulk feeders - eat large pieces of food; ________________.
Rumination - regurgitating food and rechewing it to break down cellulose of ___________.
Herbivores - eat only plants; often have _____________ teeth for grinding; cows
Carnivores - eat only animals; often have sharp, pointy teeth for ripping meat; ____________
Omnivores - eat both plants and animals; often have both sharp, pointy teeth and flat teeth;
______________
The Digestive System
The ____________ is the first organ of the digestive system.
Hard palate - upper, ______________ portion of mouth.
_______________ palate - upper, back portion of mouth.
Uvula - thingy hanging in the _______________ of your throat.
Tongue - muscle; has 4 different types of taste buds: ______________, salty, sour, and bitter.
Saliva - _______________% water and is mostly to moisten food; controlled by the nervous
system.
Amylase - converts starch into _____________.
Dental caries - cavities; caused by bacteria building up on teeth, making ____________, which
destroys tooth enamel.
Pharynx - throat; common pathway for food and _________________.
Esophagus - connection between mouth and ________________.
Peristalsis - muscle contractions push the _______________ through the digestive system.
Esophageal sphincter - keeps food in the stomach and out of the __________________.
Stomach - J shaped, secretes gastric juice, holding tank.
Parietal cells - secrete stomach acid (______________).
Mucosal cells - produce ______________ to keep acid from eating stomach.
Ulcer - __________________ invade and kill mucosal cells; not enough mucus produced;
stomach acid actually touches the underlying cells which causes pain.
Acid reflux - esophageal sphincter doesn't stay shut and ______________ gets into the
esophagus.
Heartburn - ______________ from acid in esophagus.
Antacids - neutralize stomach acid.
Acid blockers - ______________ the release of acid from the parietal cells.
Pepsin - digests _______________ to amino acids.
Pyloric sphincter - a ring of circular muscle that separates the stomach from the
______________ intestine.
Different foods are digested by the ________________ at different rates.
Liver - makes _____________.
Bile - breaks large pieces of fat into small pieces of _____________.
Gallbladder - _______________ bile.
Pancreas - secretes glucagon and insulin.
Glucagon - takes glucose _____________ of storage.
Insulin - makes you ______________ glucose.
Small intestine - more digestion & absorbs nutrients; 1 inch diameter, ____________ feet length.
Duodenum - first ________________ inches of the small intestine; does lots of digestion.
Villi - where nutrient absorption takes place; contains ____________ of capillaries.
Amylase - converts ________________ to maltose
Pepsin - digests proteins to __________________________
Nucleases - digests nucleic _______________ to sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases
Lipase - breaks down lipids to 1 glycerol and _________________ fatty acids
Large intestine - formation of feces by absorbing water; ____________ inch diameter, 3 feet
length.
Cecum - 1st part of ________________ intestine; pouch.
Appendix - does a little immune system work.
Rectum - _______________ feces.
Constipation - feces in large intestine too long, too ______________ water removed.
Diarrhea - feces not in large intestine long enough, not enough water removed.
One of the ___________ warning signs of cancer is an unexplained change in bowel or bladder
habits.
Last updated: 10-26-06.
Essential nutrients - materials that must be eaten because we ______________ make them.
Undernourished - not ______________ calories in diet.
Obesity - body weight more than __________% above the desirable weight due to fat.
Malnourished - missing one or more nutrients; scurvy from not enough vitamin _________.
Vitamins - ___________ molecules that are required in the diet.
Minerals - inorganic molecules that are _______________ in the diet.
Amino acids - building blocks of proteins; 20 different amino acids.
Nonessential amino acids - your body ____________ make, so you don't have to eat.
Essential amino acids - must be gotten from ____________.
Digestion - breaking food into _______________ molecules to enter cells.
Overall, what's going to happen is:
Ingestion - you put food in your _____________.
Digestion - breaking food into _____________ molecules
Absorption - getting food into the body's cells.
Elimination - getting _____________ of undigested material
Types of Feeders
Suspension feeders - extract food from surrounding water; _____________________, whale.
Substrate feeders - live on their food and eat through the food; _________________________.
Fluid feeders - drink only ______________; mosquitoes.
Bulk feeders - eat large pieces of food; ________________.
Rumination - regurgitating food and rechewing it to break down cellulose of ___________.
Herbivores - eat only plants; often have _____________ teeth for grinding; cows
Carnivores - eat only animals; often have sharp, pointy teeth for ripping meat; ____________
Omnivores - eat both plants and animals; often have both sharp, pointy teeth and flat teeth;
______________
The Digestive System
The ____________ is the first organ of the digestive system.
Hard palate - upper, ______________ portion of mouth.
_______________ palate - upper, back portion of mouth.
Uvula - thingy hanging in the _______________ of your throat.
Tongue - muscle; has 4 different types of taste buds: ______________, salty, sour, and bitter.
Saliva - _______________% water and is mostly to moisten food; controlled by the nervous
system.
Amylase - converts starch into _____________.
Dental caries - cavities; caused by bacteria building up on teeth, making ____________, which
destroys tooth enamel.
Pharynx - throat; common pathway for food and _________________.
Esophagus - connection between mouth and ________________.
Peristalsis - muscle contractions push the _______________ through the digestive system.
Esophageal sphincter - keeps food in the stomach and out of the __________________.
Stomach - J shaped, secretes gastric juice, holding tank.
Parietal cells - secrete stomach acid (______________).
Mucosal cells - produce ______________ to keep acid from eating stomach.
Ulcer - __________________ invade and kill mucosal cells; not enough mucus produced;
stomach acid actually touches the underlying cells which causes pain.
Acid reflux - esophageal sphincter doesn't stay shut and ______________ gets into the
esophagus.
Heartburn - ______________ from acid in esophagus.
Antacids - neutralize stomach acid.
Acid blockers - ______________ the release of acid from the parietal cells.
Pepsin - digests _______________ to amino acids.
Pyloric sphincter - a ring of circular muscle that separates the stomach from the
______________ intestine.
Different foods are digested by the ________________ at different rates.
Liver - makes _____________.
Bile - breaks large pieces of fat into small pieces of _____________.
Gallbladder - _______________ bile.
Pancreas - secretes glucagon and insulin.
Glucagon - takes glucose _____________ of storage.
Insulin - makes you ______________ glucose.
Small intestine - more digestion & absorbs nutrients; 1 inch diameter, ____________ feet length.
Duodenum - first ________________ inches of the small intestine; does lots of digestion.
Villi - where nutrient absorption takes place; contains ____________ of capillaries.
Amylase - converts ________________ to maltose
Pepsin - digests proteins to __________________________
Nucleases - digests nucleic _______________ to sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases
Lipase - breaks down lipids to 1 glycerol and _________________ fatty acids
Large intestine - formation of feces by absorbing water; ____________ inch diameter, 3 feet
length.
Cecum - 1st part of ________________ intestine; pouch.
Appendix - does a little immune system work.
Rectum - _______________ feces.
Constipation - feces in large intestine too long, too ______________ water removed.
Diarrhea - feces not in large intestine long enough, not enough water removed.
One of the ___________ warning signs of cancer is an unexplained change in bowel or bladder
habits.
Last updated: 10-26-06.
Homework #3
Worth 100 points
Due 3/15/2008
Name ______________________________
Draw the respiratory system. Label at least 10 structures (hard
palate, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, etc.) that we talked about in class.
Artistic ability will not be graded. : )
On the back of the page write a definition for each of the 10
structures you labeled.
Worth 100 points
Due 3/15/2008
Name ______________________________
Draw the respiratory system. Label at least 10 structures (hard
palate, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, etc.) that we talked about in class.
Artistic ability will not be graded. : )
On the back of the page write a definition for each of the 10
structures you labeled.